Fifty-four (2.8%) of the samples were reported as substandard, although the true number of substandard medicines may have been higher due to the limited sensitivity of the GPHF Minilab. Thirty-four (1.8%) of the samples were found not to contain the declared active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), or less than 50% of the declared API, or undeclared APIs, and probably represented falsified products. In total 1,919 medicine samples were screened using the GPHF Minilab, and samples showing serious quality deficiencies were subjected to compendial analysis in fully equipped laboratories. The study period included the year before the COVID-19 pandemic (2019) and the first year of the pandemic (2020).

Oxford: Blackwell Science.This study evaluates the use of the Global Pharma Health Fund (GPHF) Minilab for medicine quality screening by 16 faith-based drug supply organizations located in 13 low- and middle-income countries. Kirkwood BR, Sterne JAC (2003) Essential medical statistics, 2 nd ed.

Altman DG (1991) Practical statistics for medical research.(Version 22.007 accessed June 17, 2023) Literature The P-value is the area of the t distribution with n−1 degrees of freedom, that falls outside ± t (see Values of the t distribution table). Or when the hypothesized mean is k and the standard deviation is s: The P-value is calculated using the one sample t-test, with the value t calculated as: The P-value is the probability of obtaining the observed mean in the sample if the null hypothesis value were the true value. A significance value (P-value) and 95% Confidence Interval (CI) of the observed mean is reported. This procedure calculates the difference of an observed mean with a hypothesized value. Test mean is equal to: enter the value to compare the mean to.The observed sample mean, standard deviation and sample size (n).The Test for one mean can be used to test the hypothesis that a sample mean is equal to a given mean (with unknown standard deviation) or certified value.

Download medcalc 2x2